Archives: Reproductive Technologies

Canada Today: Is it in the health and well-being of offspring not to know their progenitors? A paper by Marquardt, Glenn and Clark

03.16.2012 2:23 PM

Before Norval Glenn passed away a bit more than a year ago, he and I and Karen Clark authored a paper together for a planned Canadian scholarly volume. Despite the volume editor’s enthusiasm for the paper (and her hard work on it), given manuscript length and some reviewers who did not like the paper, the paper was not accepted for the final volume.

I don’t know the Canadian publishing scene too well and am eager to go ahead and put this paper — which was written to respond carefully to Canadian law which says that reproductive technologies should take into account the health and well-being of offspring — out in the public square to foster and contribute to conversation.

Thus I am making the full unpublished paper available on this blog. Read More


Redefining Parenthood

03.05.2012 9:57 AM

A substantial story from the AP this morning:

A custody battle in Florida between two lesbians could fuel the growing national debate over the definition of motherhood.

And see, Do Mothers Matter?


The Human Rights Disaster That is Surrogacy

03.05.2012 9:54 AM

The poor surrogate mothers in Gujarat, who rent their wombs to augment the family income, have been confronted with the horrors of a pitiable payment and broken homes.

The Centre for Social Research, an NGO, revealed after talking to nearly 100 surrogate mothers and 50 commissioning parents in Anand, Surat and Jamnagar in Gujarat, that surrogacy has not gone down well with their husbands and children.

‘We found some disturbing trends. For instance, though the husbands do not mind their wives to act as surrogate mothers, the spouse and her children distance themselves from her after she returns home following the birth of the baby,’ CSR director Dr Ranjana Kumari said. more


The Churches are Going to Wake Up on the Rights of Donor Conceived Persons

03.05.2012 9:51 AM

And it’s going to start with adoption activist and Episcopal priest Mark Diebel and donor conception activist and Christian blogger Stephanie Blessing.

Here’s what Mark Diebel is up to:

The one resolution originating from the Diocese of Albany to go  before the 77th General Convention of The Episcopal Church will be the  one titled “A Right to Human Identity” sponsored by the Rev. Mark  Diebel.

As reported in this blog when it came before the 2009 diocesan convention in Albany, the  resolution aims to address the loss of history for both adoptees and  persons born through artificial reproductive technology, including  surrogacy parenting.  The proposal was passed in Albany and referred to  the 76th General Convention.  There it was taken up by the Commission on  Social Justice and Public Policy.  That commission referred it, without  change, for consideration by General Convention in 2012.  The 77th  General Convention will meet in Indianapolis this June.

The author, Mark Diebel, sees room for expansion of the resolution.   He would like to see GC “undertake a study of the implications of  artificial reproductive technologies for human identity and report their  findings.” more

Go, Mark, go!

And if you haven’t had a chance, see the intriguing religion findings reported in My Daddy’s Name is Donor (pp. 69-70).


From Israel

02.23.2012 12:34 PM

Maybe the new normal is a global discussion:

The number of single Jewish women opting to become mothers has increased  dramatically over the past decade, according to statistics released on Tuesday  by the Central Bureau of Statistics. The data, which were published to  coincide with Family Day celebrated nationwide on Thursday, shows that some  4,900 single Jewish women in Israel gave birth in 2010, nearly double the 2,600  single women who gave birth in 2000. The increase can be linked to advances in  medical technology and the country’s policy of making fertility treatment widely  available and free.


“Surrogacy Is Reproductive Prostitution”

02.18.2012 12:14 PM

My Father's Daughter

“Commercial surrogacy amounts to reproductive prostitution. You make use of the bodily functions of another person to fulfil your own needs. That’s what happens in prostitution. It has nothing to do with the interests of the child.” 

Strong words.


From San Diego Gay and Lesbian News

02.17.2012 1:26 PM

As same-sex marriage and civil unions become more common in the U.S., and gay and lesbian couples feel more accepted and comfortable in their cities and suburbs, many are considering building or adding to families through egg or sperm donation and surrogacy.

Nope, there is no link at all between these two trends — none, zero, zip.

The Compromise I Think I Could Accept.


The Term “Flip-Flop” Comes To Mind…

02.16.2012 1:05 PM

My Father's Daughter

“Every month like clockwork my body produces an egg. Most of them, all but two, have been flushed through my reproductive system and out again with my monthly cycle. Producing eggs doesn’t make me a mother. It just means I have ovaries that function normally.”

You know what I find amazingly illogical and yet somewhat amusing? Our culture, which has bought into the idea that science is the ultimate authority, that only empirical data can guide us, can so cleanly sweep all of that away by claiming that love is the glue that makes a family. Science is god until that god fails to uphold whatever issue is at stake; then emotion becomes god.

Come on, all of you who tell me that I’m foolish to look to the God of Scripture, who never changes, for my standard of right and wrong…where is your consistency?

You want to cling to science for all you’re worth when it comes to philosophy of life. But when biology tells one story, we turn to emotion to write another story. You refuse to believe in something other than what can be measured in a laboratory by using the scientific method. But when the empirical evidence is weighed against you, you turn to feelings and emotions to make your case.

You say that a parent is the one who raises a child and that a sperm or egg “donor” is not a parent, but that flies in the face of science and empirical data. Your god betrays you when DNA concludes that a “donor” is indeed a parent. So you turn to emotion and reject biology.

So get offended all you want, Sierras of the world. Your denial and anger don’t change biology.


‘Straight or gay, responsible parenting is needed’

02.14.2012 6:20 PM

Olivia Montuschi of Donor Conception Network (UK) reacts to the “Do Mothers Matter?” piece (starts third paragraph down):

…Is there something special about a woman that makes her more likely to be missed than a man in the family?  I don’t think so.  Men cannot breast feed but they can be equally nurturing and supportive of their children, providing warmth and comfort as well as boundaries and boisterous play.  I’m not dismissing the positive roles that both a father and a mother can play in children’s lives but same sex couples are likely to bring a range of qualities to their parenting that fulfil the needs their children have.  Heterosexual parents who are left on their own with children find that they develop the qualities that the other parent used to bring.  Not having a man or a woman in the house does not necessarily mean that children are missing anything…

Of course my piece wasn’t about women and men, it was about children’s biological mothers and fathers.


‘Egg donors are business people not parents’

02.14.2012 3:21 PM

So sayeth April Peveteaux at CafeMom:

…apparently, if you use a surrogate, or donor eggs, or made use of any type of donor in the process, your child is going to grow up and miss his “real” mother. Now you’re really pissed, huh?

Based on her study of children conceived through sperm donation, Marquardt makes the argument that children struggle with a parental loss when they don’t know their biological father, and this can lead to depression, delinquency, and addiction. She assumes the same with donor eggs, or surrogate moms…


Do Mothers Matter? Babble weighs in

02.14.2012 9:41 AM

Sierra writes:

…Children born through egg donation or surrogacy may well have questions about their origins. They may, as Marquardt claims children born through sperm donation do, wonder about the person who donated to make their life possible. They are not, however, victims of violence and loss in the way that children orphaned through war and death are.

I find Marquardt’s framing of this issue as one of children “conceived never to know their mothers” patently offensive. If I chose to donate eggs or carry a surrogate pregnancy, I wouldn’t be the mother of that child…


From China: ‘Gao cries less’

02.13.2012 12:52 PM

Yes, in a country with a forced one-child policy, and the abortion and international adoption rates that result, plus orphanages packed with ”unadoptable” disabled children, surrogacy is booming. Go figure.

Two years after giving away the baby boy she’d carried for nine months, Gao cries less. His new mum treats him well, and she finds comfort in the smiling family photos uploaded online. Besides, she has her own biological seven-year-old to care for – and she’s busy searching for another infertile couple seeking a womb.

…for women such as Gao, the decision to surrogate isn’t an ethical one: it provides her family with much-needed cash, even if there’s an emotional cost. Though her husband cared for her in their home during her first surrogacy, for the next Gao plans to move out of town. “My relatives and neighbours would be sceptical if I tell them the baby is stillborn again,” she says.


Do Mothers Matter?

02.10.2012 9:34 AM

My piece at Atlantic online today:

Do mothers matter? Having no mother was — at least until recently — widely agreed to be a tragedy. Psychiatric case studies, Disney movies, and well-known spirituals such as “Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child” have testified to the importance of mothers and the pain of mother loss. But such views have not meant that every child has lived in a society that affirms the importance of the child’s bond with his or her mother. Children have been denied their mothers because of class biases (see, poor); racial and ethnic biases (Indian, Aborigine); as part of severe civil conflict (Argentina, Dirty War); amid widespread, institutionalized human rights abuses (slavery); or because their mothers were rightly or wrongly perceived to be unfit (see: history of adoption, good, bad, and ugly).

Yet even as the broad history of helping ourselves to other people’s children continues to be probed and largely condemned (except in the case of adoption, where most reasonable people agree that such an institution must exist in order to find loving homes for children in need of them), a newer and notably deliberate form of mother loss has sprung up, one that receives relatively little debate and is often presented as benign or even good, without question. I am referring, of course, to the practices of surrogacy and egg donation. read more


Getting it right, and wrong

02.08.2012 11:26 AM

It’s one of those mornings when there are a dozen things I should be doing at my desk before dashing off to a doctor’s appointment and more, but instead I’ve found myself lost in thought reading Mark Oppenheimer’s piece about Maggie Gallagher that appears in Salon today.

I met Maggie in 2000 and started working full-time at the Institute for American Values in 2001. I too was at that Osprey Point meeting that the reporter describes, in which the day’s schedule was filled with good serious talk about marriage, as marriage was then commonly understood, and we had one informal, evening gathering for those who wished to talk about something called gay marriage that a court in Massachusetts would be addressing sometime soon. I remember that evening my dear mother-in-law, now ill, was taking care of my baby daughter upstairs in my hotel room while I briefly attended the evening meeting downstairs. The texture of it all seems kind of long ago and poignant to me, and also sweet (my daughter at that age took the idea of “nursing on demand” quite literally, so I was rarely separated from her even for an hour that first year; I remember apologizing to my mother-in-law for running out again in the evening, telling her that I had a feeling this would be important).

Oppenheimer’s tracing of Maggie’s intellectual journey in those years rings true to me, from what I observed in that period. The gay marriage debate came to us – and by “us” I mean those of us who were researching and seeking to lead public discussions on mother-father marriage and fatherlessness and children of divorce and the like… David Blankenhorn and Maggie Gallagher and then-young me and many others. The reporter gets it absolutely right when he muses that it doesn’t seem like Maggie is motivated by anti-gay animus. She’s not. He’s right that what she really, really, really cares about and thinks about 24/7 with incredible intensity and vision and creativity is something which the reporter appropriately, perhaps more appropriately than he realizes, calls Marriage, with a capital M.

But Oppenheimer gets it wrong when he talks about children. He persists, as so many proponents of same-sex marriage seem to, in a seemingly stubborn, dogged, refuse-to-get-that-these-two-things-could-possibly-be-connected attitude that asking how redefining marriage might affect children is patently ridiculous. The future of same-sex marriage, he contends, in language which seems to be intended as both slightly tongue in cheek and at the same time completely serious, will be about “shiny, happy couples raising rosy-cheeked,well-adjusted children, children who play with dogs and go to school and fall from jungle gyms and break their arms, children often adopted after being abandoned by the heterosexuals who did not want them or could not care for them…”

In another place he writes, “[Gallagher] surely knows that the children of gay and lesbian couples have not been wrenched away from happy hetero homes—either they are the natural children of one parent in the couple; or they are the products of sperm donation or surrogacy; or they are adoptees, given up by mothers who could not raise them; or they have been abandoned or taken away from abusive or neglectful homes.”

In fact, at least until recently, most children being raised in gay and lesbian unions were also children of divorce, children who did at one point earlier in their lives have a married mother and father,until one of those parents decided they were gay and ended the marriage. Some of those children may indeed have felt that theirs was one of those “happy hetero families” the reporter refers to.

The other glaring absence in Oppenheimer’s piece is any grappling at all, on his part, with deliberate fatherlessness or deliberate motherlessness as they happen through sperm donation or egg donation/surrogacy. Oppenheimer names these methods as ways that children appear in lesbian or gay unions. But it doesn’t appear that he’s given one iota of thought to the question of how children and young people conceived this way make sense of it all. Perhaps he would like to. He could start here.


‘Who Decides the Makings of a Modern Family?’

02.06.2012 11:25 AM

Every few weeks, physicians at a Toronto fertility clinic provide treatment to help a transsexual man who used to be a woman get pregnant, taking advantage of still-intact wombs — and essentially making the patient both father and mother to his future child…

Other physicians, however, are not so sure about this remarkable interplay of social change and medical technology, worrying that some transgendered people may still be susceptible to the psychological tumult that led them to have sex-change surgery, potentially putting their kids at risk.

The debate underscores a prickly issue facing Canada’s booming fertility industry. As a growing number and increasingly broad range of Canadians seek out their services, should the organizations act as gatekeepers and decide, essentially, who can become a parent?…

“People have babies [naturally] every day and nobody’s screening them,” said Donna Jacobs, a psychologist who counsels patients for a handful of Ontario fertility clinics. “Who is anybody to be the gatekeeper? There are people with bipolar [disorder] who have children, there are people with borderline personality disorder, people who are psychopaths.”

How nice.


Just Released

01.26.2012 10:37 AM

My Daddy’s Name is Donor is now available as an ebook!


Three Parent Reproduction

01.25.2012 7:40 PM

From the UK:

The controversial technique known as “three-parent IVF” came a step closer yesterday after the Department of Health asked the fertility regulator to conduct a public consultation into its acceptability.

For more, see One Parent or Five.


Co-Parenting Pre-Conception Arrangements

01.25.2012 5:29 PM

I wrote about them here and here.

A FamilyScholars reader sends me two recent examples in the news, apparently spurred by yet another ridiculous new “family building” website:

…In comes co-parenting.  It’s a concept where unmarried adults who decide that marriage isn’t for them, or whose biological clock is winding down, decide they want to have a child, married or not.   Two mature adults can decide that they want to have a child, become loving parents, and never even live together.  …A start-up company has actually moved to capitalize on this concept.  Modamily, a New York based firm, has developed a social network for potential parents to find a mate without the pressure of relationships or marriage.  The site reminds me of Match.com, but with a completely different focus. You can even choose which method of conception you are open to (natural or artificial).

…Simply put, co-parenting is the practice of raising a child together without all the messy romantic stuff. Two adults, both hankering to be parents, join forces to have and raise a baby. But they don’t get married. And they don’t love each other, at least not like that. According to Modamily, a website for people looking to create co-parenting arrangements, co-parenting is, “the shared raising of a child between two loving, committed, and financially secure adults.” Modamily claims that the set-up helps to solve the problem of quickie-clock-ticker marriages and resulting divorces.

If you want to learn more about Modamily google them yourself.


Where is my family?

01.23.2012 12:04 AM

Tonight I was watching Anonymous Father’s Day. Fellow bloggers and readers, please watch it soon and share your thoughts here and tell your friends about it.

I have so many thoughts but one in particular I wanted to share, right now, was in reaction to Stephanie Blessing when she said that with anonymous conception you “don’t know where half your family is.”

That phrase leapt out at me. I have often heard donor conceived persons speak of the loss of not knowing who their father is, or not know who half of their family is. But Stephanie’s use of the word “where” struck me especially deeply. It made me think of the aftermath of wars and natural disasters when the Red Cross and international aid organizations arrive to help. I’m no disaster relief expert but my understanding is that after attending to the most subsistence level needs of the survivors — food, clean water, shelter, medical care — one of the immediate next steps is to help survivors reunite with their families. When a wave has swept away your town or rebels have set fire to your village and you find that, somehow, you are among the living, it appears as a human being one of your very next questions is… Where is my father? Where is my mother? Where is my husband, my wife, my sister, my brother, my child? Where is my family?

We are embodied social beings. Our bodies come from and connect to one another. We cannot feel soothed and settled until we know where our families are.


Dr. Oz on Childbearing after 40

01.21.2012 12:08 AM

Jennifer Lahl debated a fertility doctor, and FamilyScholars bloggers Alana S., Amy Ziettlow, and I were there. The episode airs Friday, January 27th. Check local listings for times (and the producer tells us that if the show airs twice daily in your area then the new episode will be the second one).