Archives: Reproductive Technologies

The Subject We Don’t Talk About

Elizabeth Marquardt 09.02.2010 11:54 AM

Here at FamilyScholars, until yesterday, that subject was…abortion.

Why?

Because twenty-some years ago, when some people concerned about the family came together, they wished to try something different: to see if scholars and leaders from the left and the right could engage with one another on the topic of family structure. Then, as now, there was a raging culture war over abortion. Then, there was a simmering battle over gay rights that, I believe it’s reasonable to say, has become a culture war over gay marriage.

To see if it was possible to do something different, those early leaders proposed a discussion on the family that bracketed two issues: abortion and homosexuality. If we could set aside our differences on those topics, could we make headway on the broader question of family structure and child well-being?

For many years, I think, it worked. A consensus among the center-left and the center-right was forged, one that can be seen in various documents (see for example here, here, and here) and that has been broadly discussed in news media and in histories of that time.

Then came gay marriage in Massachusetts in 2004. At that moment, anyone who studied or talked about or was concerned about marriage in America had to start deciding, and fast, whether they were for legalizing gay marriage or against it, whether they were on the gay marriage bus or off of it. We could no longer bracket anything having to do with homosexuality and say, “Let’s focus on other things.” Right now, the heat and light and debate on marriage in America is all about gay marriage. To ignore it is, itself, a choice with consequences. One result of the gay marriage culture war is that it’s been much harder, in the years since, to find consensus between the center-left and the center-right on family structure issues, even when they have nothing to do with families led by gay and lesbian persons.

Several years ago I found myself drawn to the question of how reproductive technologies impact the people conceived this way. With colleagues I studied the question and released a report on how young adults conceived through sperm donation fare. As I delved into this topic, I realized that our attempt to bracket abortion from the discussion was becoming increasingly difficult, at least for me. To talk about the commodification of children, or the rhetoric of “wanted” children (those conceived through ARTs are said to be “wanted,” those aborted are said to be “unwanted”), or the choices urged upon young women in their fertile years who then find themselves ready to have children but are no longer fertile — all of this and more continually raises the question of abortion.

But we have continued bracketing that question. Until yesterday.

My colleague, guest blogger Karen Clark, posted on the blog yesterday a compelling link to the story of a young woman whose biological mother attempted to abort her when the pregnancy was seven and one-half months along. The abortion “failed” and the child, Gianna Jessen, was born.  Read her testimony before a Senate subcomittee in 1996. Karen noted, accurately in my view, that though many people view the debates about ARTs and abortion as being entirely separate (one is about “giving” life and making “wanted” children, the other is about “taking” life and preventing “unwanted” children), they are actually inextricably linked, in part because they both rely on a rhetoric of reproductive choice and adult rights.

I read Karen’s post and wondered what to do. Should I call her and tell her we don’t talk about abortion on this site?

No, I decided. She’s raised an important point that needs to be discussed. So I went ahead and added a point of my own, citing an article written last week in which the writer, Mary Rose Somarriba of First Things,  pointed to the recent revelations from the U.K. that some women who have achieved pregnancies through IVF have then aborted the pregnancies (something I’ve been reading about, but have not blogged about). She noted the discomfiture with which this news has been greeted in mainstream media and asked, astutely, “When we protect babies that are wanted by their mothers, but don’t protect those who are unwanted by their mothers, what do we do when a mother can’t make up her mind?”

Then comments began to come. I watched them, closely, and was relieved that they were, in my own view, calm, compassionate, clear.

Then, as I was walking my kids to the car after soccer practice late yesterday, my iphone buzzed and I noticed a new comment. It was also calm and clear. The facts in it were, to my knowledge, entirely accurate. But it touched on the issue of race. Alarm bells went off inside me. I struggled with what to do. The commenter is someone I know, and someone I know to be deeply thoughtful.

After some thought, I deleted her comment. I wrote to her, telling her that following her questions and seeing where they led her was entirely appropriate, but that I needed to talk with her. I asked her if we could speak by phone today.

What I’ve written here is what I was planning to say to her. Since I’ve been distracted this morning and unable to think about anything else, I decided to go ahead and say it here first.

A final note: Our comments policy is now strict about off-topic comments. We have been and will continue to delete off-topic comments, including comments about gay marriage on posts that are not about gay marriage, and we will delete comments about abortion on posts that are not about abortion.

Clearly, this post is about both topics. My request, if it is possible, is for comments on this post to engage with the question of how (and whether) we — America, friends, FamilyScholars bloggers and commenters — should talk about these topics that, too often, divide us.


Deatbeat Donors

Elizabeth Marquardt 09.01.2010 2:01 PM

A story by one mom who used a sperm donor to have a child, who started out well-off financially but hit hard times:

…But to get help from the state, I first have to meet with a social worker and then the CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT OFFICER. The eagle has landed. I didn’t know when or why that donor was going to be a problem – but that problem is now! If a mother with children needs public assistance and she’s not receiving child support, then the state will find the father and make him either pay support now or repay the government later for part of the help his child receives.

So I get out all of the paperwork from many years ago and take it to my meeting with the child support officer. He listened to my story. I spread all the clinic documents in front of him. He asked a few questions before looking at me like I had three heads! I told him that was all I could do to prove to him that he would never locate my daughter’s “deadbeat dad.”

He said he still needed to advertise in the newspaper that that state was trying to locate my daughter’s biological father in the chance that he would come forward, just as they do in all child support and adoption cases. I told him that would be foolish money spent by the government and that I would be embarrassed to have my name published like that for all to read. Everyone in my world knows how I conceived my daughter. But I didn’t want everyone I ever knew finding out in the newspaper that I was on food stamps!…


“I didn’t survive to make everyone comfortable. I survived to stir things up a bit”

Karen Clark 09.01.2010 9:05 AM

Many people do not see the similarities between the “donor conception/surrogacy” and abortion debates because the “donor/surrogate” conceived are considered “loved and wanted” and the aborted were not.  But they do both fall under the same umbrella of “choice” and “reproductive freedom”.

This has always been a sticking point of mine.  I think an important question that we as a society should be asking ourselves is “Do we have a responsibility for our own sperm and egg when combined to create a new life?” (inside and outside of the womb).  And if we think, as society with integrity, that we do, what should our society do to promote this?

This post was inspired by a talk I just listened to by an abortion survivor, Gianna Jessen.  I found this to be profoundly moving and thoughtful.

Please listen: It is in two parts PART 1 and PART 2

But I didn’t survive to make everyone comfortable.  I survived to stir things up a bit….At the end of the day is it all about you or me?  You better be nice to me because my Father runs the world.


Fairfax Cryobank/Cryogenic Laboratories (CLI) – Please release donor numbers to donors

Karen Clark 08.28.2010 5:20 PM

Wendy Kramer, at the Donor Sibling Registry Blog, posts a public plea to Fairfax Cryobank:

We ask you publicly to please consider the ethics and potential medical ramifications of keeping donors’ numbers from them. By refusing to return phone calls, respond to their email requests and by refusing to give them their own donor numbers, you are thereby prohibiting them from sharing and updating medical and genetic information.  Please consider the negative affects of deliberately keeping donors from making mutual consent contact with the families that used their sperm and the offspring that desperately want to know their biological fathers, their ancestry, and their medical backgrounds. For some of these families- the sharing and updating of medical information is critical.

Read full post here



Norming Intentional Motherlessness

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.27.2010 6:39 PM

Flipping through People at the hair place I see a typical story on celebs in their homes with new babies. Among all the usual hetero pairings there is one man — apparently a design star on HGTV — with an infant who, the text says, the TV star “welcomed in January, by surrogate.” Most of the text is taken up with what color scheme he chose for the infant’s nursery and what effect he thinks sophisticated design will have on the child.

Something that until about two minutes ago, or in any other setting (just imagine other People-type stories) was viewed as one of life’s greatest tragedies — being denied one’s mother, by death or for any other reason — is now treated as…no big deal. Why? Because one or more adults in question wanted it that way.


‘Artificially Conceiving a Bad Romantic Comedy’

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.27.2010 11:32 AM

At First Things Mary Rose Somarriba writes:

There’s something sad about forty-one-year-old Aniston playing the older woman who has no marriage prospects and wants a family. There’s something sad about hearing her say onscreen: “Why wait? I am getting older and my biological clock is ticking. . . . I am in the market for some semen.” There’s something sad about hearing Jennifer Lopez say “Maybe this isn’t how I pictured it. . . . I thought I’d be married with kids by now, but that’s just not happening, so, guess it’s time for my back-up plan!”

What’s sad is that some real, deep aspects of the human experience—such as the realization of one’s aging, the desire for love and family, and the sorrow of lost time—are covered up with chipper confidence that none of these things matter anymore. Age doesn’t matter. Time is never lost.


One of my all time favorite youtube videos

Karen Clark 08.26.2010 10:09 PM

(the human’s quest for) identity

and one of my all time favorite bio-ethicists who is able to connect how *all of THIS* is connected.


Welcoming Stephanie Blessing

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.25.2010 11:13 AM

I’d like to introduce a new guest blogger, Stephanie Blessing. She will be writing on the theme of the spiritual experience of persons conceived via artificial insemination, including what the churches are (or are not) doing, and what they could be doing.

One fascinating finding of our study is how many persons conceived this way were raised in a faith tradition and identify with a faith tradition today. I blogged about those findings in the post, “Religion and Reproduction in the 21st Century.”

Stephanie’s bio and photo are available here. An excerpt of her bio:

Stephanie Blessing is a Christian, the wife of a pastor, and the mother of five children. She found out in May 2009, at the age of 32 years old, that she was conceived in 1976 by an anonymous sperm donor via artificial insemination. Like many adults who discover that they were conceived using this method, she suddenly found herself in a crisis moment. She quickly went to the internet in order to find some kind of assistance in helping her to reason through this new situation in her life from a biblical worldview. After searching for several weeks, she found that, aside from some clinical articles, no one was talking about this issue from a God-centered perspective. She has begun writing about her own story in order to share the hope that she has with others at her blog, My Father’s Daughter.

Welcome, Stephanie!


A reply to Wesley J. Smith on confidentiality promises

Karen Clark 08.22.2010 8:22 PM

I found a commentary by Wesley J. Smith, a consultant at the Center for Bioethics and Culture (The documentary “Eggsploitation” was recently released by the Center for Bioethics and Culture) at the First Things blog titled “Confidentiality Promises to Sperm Donors and Adoptive Birth Parents Should Not Be Broken”.

I had an idea about what the CBC advocates and I assumed, when I first read the title of this article, this would be an article advocating for ending anonymity.  As I read on, I learned that is not what this article advocates but I was surprised that I didn’t get mad about it.  I see his point.  I really do but I don’t fully agree with it.

Someone once said to me that a “donor conceived” person has to “respect” their “donor’s” and parent’s feelings.  This made me mad.  It made me mad because I don’t think adult’s feelings should be given priority over their biological child’s feelings and well being.  Especially when these disconnects have been purposely built into their conception as it is with many “donor/surrogacy” arrangements.  Which I believe is unethical and the primary reason why “donor/surrogacy” anonymity promises should stop.  I don’t respect that.  I thought a better word to use was “understand”.  And I do understand.

But the reality of the situation is that the offspring of “donor/surrogate” and adoption arrangements never signed a confidentiality agreement.  They never made any promises and many want to find their bio-parents for many different personal reasons ranging from just a mild curiosity to deeply primal or spiritual or emotional or identity completion.  (Anyone who suggests that offspring are simply “curious” are not really digging very deep, trivializing it or not asking the right questions).

Information is readily available thanks to world web searches, DNA testing, social networking and ancestry sites.  With a little non-identifying information and a lot of tenacity, “donors/surrogates” and “birth parents”, who were promised anonymity, some times are found.   Sometimes the outcomes are bad and sometimes they are good or neutral.  But there lies the other reason why anonymity should not be promised.  “Birth parents” and “donors/surrogates” need to know that there really is no such thing as anonymity any more.

“Donors/surrogates” and “birth parents” all need to be counseled about the possibility of an unexpected knock on the door from their relinquished child/children (which could range anywhere from one to hundreds for “sperm donors”).  Yes, there are ways to make it harder for the offspring to find them (which I do not support especially in “donor/surrogate” arrangements) but a society with integrity certainly should not allow anonymity agreements to be one of them.

The times have changed and this is an outdated-unethical law.  It doesn’t support anyone’s best interests other than the repro-tech and adoption industry’s bottom line.


‘Switch’ subtext

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.20.2010 3:38 PM

Amanda Marcotte at Double X makes an interesting and fresh argument about the much-debated The Switch:

…Bateman’s character, emboldened by drunkenness, overrules Aniston’s character’s life choices and is rewarded by taking his rightful place as her man.  Switching some other dude’s sperm out for your own to get a woman pregnant who has rejected you (and having this be the catalyst for changing her mind) is about the most potent symbol I can think of for the belief that women don’t know what they really want, so they have to be shown.


“It seems like all the bases are covered. But they aren’t.”

Karen Clark 08.20.2010 1:48 PM

Aniston’s wrong: Stats prove Dads matter – a lot

Canada

By Susan Martinuk – Calgary Herald

Practically speaking, Aniston is right. Women no longer need a man. Apparently, almost 50,000 women a year make that choice and head to the sperm bank. Single parenting seems to be the norm in Hollywood. I have no doubt that she and a host of other successful women with a boat-load of resources could take control of their own destiny and do it on their own. They can pay up to $16,000 per IVF cycle in Canada (costs can be much higher in the U.S.) to get pregnant; they have money for nannies and cooks; they probably even have male friends to be a ‘father figure’ to the child. It seems like all the bases are covered.

But they aren’t. A growing base of research suggests that the resulting children will pay a high price for this one, ultimately selfish decision.

Just last month, I wrote about the first large-scale study to take a comprehensive look at the well-being of adults who were conceived with anonymous donor sperm. The study from the Institute for American Values showed that donor offspring are more likely to report problems with the law, mental health and substance abuse.

They also experience profound struggles with origins, and their identities and family relationships are more often characterized by confusion, tension and loss. They experience the same sense of ‘genetic bewilderment’ as those who have been adopted.


“…the child just has to deal with that.”

Karen Clark 08.20.2010 7:52 AM

Mercatornet

The World’s Most Dangerous Idea

All families are equal

by Carolyn Moynihan

An AP story on sperm donor children this week makes this quite clear. Efforts of adult children to find their anonymous parent are being thwarted not only by individual donors but by the industry that uses them. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine says it encourages parents of donor-conceived offspring to tell their children the truth about their conception but it is opposed to the banning of anonymous donations.

“The bottom line in the U.S. — we’ve always been big proponents of individual rights in regard to procreation,” said Andrea Braverman, who serves on the ASRM’s ethics committee. “We’ve always taken the approach that we get our own choices in terms of how we build and manage our families.”

Someone else from the industry puts it even more bluntly:

“It may not be a popular point of view, but when these decisions are made by donor and a parent, the child doesn’t have a say,” he said. If the contract is for it to be anonymous, it should remain anonymous, and the child just has to deal with that.

To translate: “Too bad, kids; it’s an adults’ world. Our desires rule. And if our first priority is our own sense of wellbeing, you will just have to muddle through as best you can. One day you too will get the chance to shop for the child of your choice.”

That is why the idea that all families are equal is the most dangerous ever: it shifts the child from its rightful place at the centre of the family to the fringes, and then to the shelf of reproductive choices. I doubt that there is a better way to destroy the human family than that.


Confessions of a Sperm Donor: Hundreds of Kids

Karen Clark 08.19.2010 12:22 PM

ABC News

By SUSAN DONALDSON JAMES
Aug. 19, 2010

Tim Gullicksen, a 43-year-old real estate salesman from San Francisco, donated for a decade after signing up as a college student at Berkeley. He said he was promised only 10 families would get his sperm but now, “it’s pretty clear there are 80 or 90 kids out there.”

“These kids don’t know me from Adam,” he said.

The first child to contact him three years ago through DSR was a 9-year-old boy in Texas whose single mother had chosen sperm donation.

“He had five years of stuff for me when I met him and right after that everything started to snowball,” said Gullicksen.

“He had been pestering his mom about where his dad was since he was a toddler,” he said. “He had no father figure and he actually kept a box under his bed where he kept all his school projects and wrote ‘Daddy’ on the box.”


The American Counseling Association and the new daddy issues

Karen Clark 08.18.2010 2:53 PM

Are You My Daddy?

Maybe as we teach ethics we need to continue to bring in these societal trends that technology- not just web or texting technology, but medical technology brings in. I think the films give us an outlet for our collective anxiety about this issue as well as a forum to talk and explore.


The wisdom of Jennifer Aniston

Karen Clark 08.18.2010 10:05 AM

Just what are “choice mothers” settling for?
By: Kay Hymowitz
Manhattan Moment
August 18, 2010

To believe the title of another movie released this summer about sperm donor families, The Kids are Alright, this anonymity is nothing to worry about; the kids are better off not knowing. But if it’s true that people don’t care about the identity of the man whose DNA constitutes half of their genetic make-up, we should be ready to substitute the wisdom of Jennifer Aniston for storytellers ranging from Homer, James Joyce, and the writers at Marvel comics.

Ironically, choice mothers themselves are enacting the power of biological rootedness when they insist on bearing their own children rather than adopting an already motherless and fatherless child.

Up until now, no one has bothered to find out what children might think about the laissez-faire approach to fathers. But a first-of-its kind report from the Commission on Parenthood’s Future, “My Daddy’s Name is Donor,” compares a large sample of donor-conceived young adults with a group who grew up with their biological parents.

The report adds up to a troubling picture of adult entitlement and child confusion. While choice mothers have their way, their kids are more likely to suffer malaise about their identity, as well as to abuse drugs and alcohol and to have run-ins with the police.


‘Test Tube Families: Why The Fertility Market Needs Legal Regulation’

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.16.2010 3:17 PM

FamilyScholars blogger and George Washington University law professor Naomi Cahn’s book on the fertility industry was just reviewed in BioNews.org, an influential bioethics e-newsletter out of the U.K.

Find the book here.


AP Story — the video

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.16.2010 10:37 AM

The Associated Press has also produced a video news story, which features a lovely opening shot of Washington-based donor offspring Katrina Clark looking at a copy of My Daddy’s Name is Donor and a wonderful scene of Ohio-based donor offspring Lindsay Greenawalt looking at her childhood photos and working on her blog.

The print story, which features interviews with both women, is available here.


The AP

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.15.2010 10:00 PM

David Crary’s AP article is making the rounds, running today at Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, LA Times, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Philadelphia Inquirer, CBSNews.com, Salon, Boston Globe, Sacramento Bee, MSNBC, RealClearPolitics, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, FoxNews.com, Houston Chronicle, Miami Herald, Taiwan News, Times of India, Arab Times, and New Zealand Herald, with coverage on lotsa local radio and TV channels and mid-size and small town papers across America. Is currently the second “most viewed” story at Yahoo News, more…


Australia’s fight

Karen Clark 08.15.2010 12:49 PM

Donor children fight for truth

By Kate Hagan

The Age, August 16, 2010

Melbourne woman Lauren Burns, 26, is among dozens of donor-conceived people who have made submissions to the Senate inquiry into donor conception in Australia.

She has called for national legislation to establish a compulsory national donor register, in a submission supported by many groups including fertility specialists, counsellors and parents who have conceived using donor sperm or eggs.

But more controversial is her call for retrospective legislation that would release identifying information about men who donated sperm anonymously under the old system. The issue is also being considered by the Victorian Parliament’s law reform committee, which is due to provide an interim report next month.


Kathryn Jean Lopez: Aniston’s motherhood mantra way off base

Elizabeth Marquardt 08.15.2010 8:53 AM

…This column is not a review of “The Switch.” I haven’t seen it but expect to, despite Aniston’s opinions. It’s put together by some of the same people behind “Juno,” which was a messy story about responsibility and redemption. That’s art. Too often, though, what passes as art today is just an affirmation of mistakes. …

My Daddy’s Name Is Donor, a recent study from the Commission on Parenthood’s Future, found that children born after a sperm-bank commercial exchange suffer more feelings of loss, confusion and isolation compared to kids raised in a household with a mom and a dad. …as W. Bradford Wilcox from the commission, explains…: “the offspring of maverick moms are 177 percent more likely to have a problem with substance abuse and are 146 percent more likely to report having had a run-in with the law, compared with offspring of two biological parents.”